{"id":16333,"date":"2023-08-16T10:23:29","date_gmt":"2023-08-16T09:23:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/apps.nhslothian.scot\/refhelp\/?page_id=16333"},"modified":"2025-12-29T16:39:35","modified_gmt":"2025-12-29T16:39:35","slug":"functional-neurological-disorder-fnd","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/apps.nhslothian.scot\/refhelp\/guidelines\/neurology\/functional-neurological-disorder-fnd\/","title":{"rendered":"Functional Neurological Disorder (FND)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Functional NEUROLOGICAL disorder includes the following symptoms which may be suitable either for a general neurology appointment or in some cases a specialist FND clinic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Functional limb weakness or paralysis<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Functional movement disorders like tremor, dystonia, gait disorder and jerks<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Functional\/Dissociative Seizures\/ Attacks \u2013 events that look like epileptic seizures or syncope<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Persistent Postural Perceptual Dizziness and Functional Cognitive Disorders are in a grey zone but we regard them as part of FND<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>FND should not be used to describe ALL functional symptoms and disorders<\/strong>. It doesn\u2019t for example include Chronic pain\/Fibromyalgia, persistent fatigue or Functional Gastrointestinal problems such as Irritable Bowel Syndrome<strong>.<\/strong> Those disorders may commonly arise through similar central mechanisms and are often present in people with FND.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>DCN Clinical Services for FND available to Primary Care<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Neurology <\/strong>\u2013 Prof Jon Stone and Dr Ingrid Hoeritzauer, Consultant Neurologist do specialist FND clinics, especially for diagnostic queries.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Neuropsychiatry<\/strong> \u2013 Prof Alan Carson, Dr Killian Welch, Dr Laura McWhirter and Dr Ally Rooney \u2013 do general neuropsychiatry clinics and will provide specialist assessment for FND patients including formulation and treatment.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>FND Specialist Practitioner<\/strong> \u2013 This pilot role is primarily to help people with FND who are already in hospital or at imminent risk of admission. They are also available to provide education to staff about FND. Primary care can contact them if they have a patient who they think is at imminent risk of admission. People with FND should contact their own consultant rather than the FND specialist practitioners at present. They can be contacted on \u2013&nbsp; <a href=\"mailto:loth.fndpractitioner@nhs.scot\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">loth.fndpractitioner@nhs.scot<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Services for FND available to DCN Clinicians<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>There is heavy demand for FND specific therapies, and we have found referrals from outside neurology have often not been appropriate, so DCN clinicians currently act as gatekeepers.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Neurophysiotherapy<\/strong> \u2013&nbsp; FND Neurophysiotherapy expertise exists especially at Astley Ainslie, DCN, CRABIS (West Lothian) and Roodlands.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Neuropsychology <\/strong>\u2013 This is primarily in DCN (Lothian). Generally only short course of sessions \u2013 e.g. 4-5 can be offered.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Occupational therapy \u2013 <\/strong>Via Astley Ainslie Hospital, CRABIS<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Speech and Language therapy <\/strong>\u2013Astley Ainslie Hospital,&nbsp; DCN, CRABIS, Roodlands<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Other Services<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>People with FND commonly have comorbidities including chronic pain, persistent fatigue or mental health problems. If FND symptoms are not the dominant issue it may be more appropriate for them to be managed in pain, fatigue or mental health services.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>M.A &amp; J.S. 10-10-25<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs\" data-active-tab=\"0\"><ul class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__nav-links\"><\/ul>\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__nav-link\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title-wrapper\"><a href=\"#\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title\">Referral Guidelines<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Who to refer:<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>People with neurological symptoms where FND is suspected such as limb weakness, tremor or seizures should be referred to general neurology in the first instance<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Patients with suspected Persistent Postural Perceptual Dizziness (PPPD) and Functional Cognitive Disorder can also be referred.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Neurology triage will arrange for some patients, e.g. those already diagnosed elsewhere, to be seen in specialist FND clinics but there are too many patients for all to be seen direct in FND clinics<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Who not to refer:<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Patients for whom you require advice about chronic pain should be referred to the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/apps.nhslothian.scot\/refhelp\/guidelines\/chronicpain\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">chronic pain service&nbsp;<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Patients with other functional disorders including functional GI disorders (including swallowing issues and bowel problems) and functional bladder disorders.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Patients whose primary problem is chronic fatigue syndrome \/myalgic encephalomyelitis should be referred via the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/apps.nhslothian.scot\/refhelp\/guidelines\/chronicfatiguesyndromeme\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: ME-CFS<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Patients with persistent cognitive symptoms after covid can be referred via the&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/apps.nhslothian.scot\/refhelp\/guidelines\/neurologylongcovid\/\" target=\"_blank\">Long Covid&nbsp;<\/a>pathway&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Referrals from outside of NHS Lothian<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Patients with FND from outside NHS Lothian are generally only seen when referred from secondary care (usually neurology) from NHS Borders, Fife, Forth Valley and Dumfries and Galloway, with whom NHS Lothian has service level agreements. NHS Fife and NHS Forth Valley have their own FND pathways.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>How to refer:<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Via SCI Gateway\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh- Neurology or Neuropsychiatry- Basic Sign Referral<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__nav-link\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title-wrapper\"><a href=\"#\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title\">Primary Care Management<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content\">\n<p><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__nav-link\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title-wrapper\"><a href=\"#\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title\">Resources and Links<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"\/Users\/jon.stone\/Downloads\/Neurosymptoms.org\">neurosymptoms.org<\/a> \u2013 self help website and app for people with FND and associated symptoms run by Prof Jon Stone with Scottish Government funding from 2020. Please direct patients to specific relevant pages or use the \u2018recommender\u2019 Do not use for people with functional disorders who do not have FND<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>FND Hope UK \u2013 <a href=\"\/Users\/jon.stone\/Downloads\/fndhope.org.uk\">fndhope.org.uk<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>FND Action \u2013 <a href=\"\/Users\/jon.stone\/Downloads\/fndaction.org.uk\">fndaction.org.uk<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Scottish Government \u2013 Health Improvement Scotland \u2013 FNS pathways document<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/apps.nhslothian.scot\/refhelp\/crabis-west-lothian\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">CRABISWestLothian.aspx<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Related resources for patients<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"\/Users\/jon.stone\/Downloads\/Neurosymptoms.org\">headinjurysymptoms.org<\/a> \u2013 self help website for people with a mild head injury and post-head injury symptoms\/post-concussion syndrome<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Chronic pain \u2013 see this resource page &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/apps.nhslothian.scot\/refhelp\/chronic-pain-management%23tabs-3\">https:\/\/apps.nhslothian.scot\/refhelp\/chronic-pain-management<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Persistent fatigue &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/apps.nhslothian.scot\/refhelp\/guidelines\/Pages\/ChronicFatigueSyndromeME.aspx\">https:\/\/apps.nhslothian.scot\/refhelp\/guidelines\/Pages\/ChronicFatigueSyndromeME.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Jon Stone, Richard Davenport (Neurology), &nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Alan Carson (Neuropsychiatry),<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Katie Wilkie (Neurophysio \u2013 Astley Ainslie),<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Lynne Main (OT \u2013 Astley Ainslie),<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>David Gillespie (Neuropsychology DCN),<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(SLT \u2013 DCN),<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(CRABIS, West Lothian)<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Functional NEUROLOGICAL disorder includes the following symptoms which may be suitable either for a general neurology appointment or in some cases a specialist FND clinic. FND should not be used to describe ALL functional symptoms and disorders. It doesn&rsquo;t for example include Chronic pain\/Fibromyalgia, persistent fatigue or Functional Gastrointestinal problems such as Irritable Bowel Syndrome.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":0,"parent":4173,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[984,428],"class_list":["post-16333","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","category-https-apps-nhslothian-scot-refhelp-functional-neurological-disorder-fnd","category-neurology"],"publishpress_future_workflow_manual_trigger":{"enabledWorkflows":[]},"rttpg_featured_image_url":null,"rttpg_author":{"display_name":"heatherlevy","author_link":"https:\/\/apps.nhslothian.scot\/refhelp\/author\/heatherlevy\/"},"rttpg_comment":0,"rttpg_category":" <a href=\"https:\/\/apps.nhslothian.scot\/refhelp\/category\/neurology\/https-apps-nhslothian-scot-refhelp-functional-neurological-disorder-fnd\/\" rel=\"tag\">Functional Neurological Disorder (FND)<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/apps.nhslothian.scot\/refhelp\/category\/neurology\/\" rel=\"tag\">Neurology<\/a>","rttpg_excerpt":"Functional NEUROLOGICAL disorder includes the following symptoms which may be suitable either for a general neurology appointment or in some cases a specialist FND clinic. FND should not be used to describe ALL functional symptoms and disorders. It doesn&rsquo;t for example include Chronic pain\/Fibromyalgia, persistent fatigue or Functional Gastrointestinal problems such as Irritable Bowel Syndrome.","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/apps.nhslothian.scot\/refhelp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/16333","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/apps.nhslothian.scot\/refhelp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/apps.nhslothian.scot\/refhelp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/apps.nhslothian.scot\/refhelp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/apps.nhslothian.scot\/refhelp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=16333"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/apps.nhslothian.scot\/refhelp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/16333\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":26076,"href":"https:\/\/apps.nhslothian.scot\/refhelp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/16333\/revisions\/26076"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/apps.nhslothian.scot\/refhelp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4173"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/apps.nhslothian.scot\/refhelp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=16333"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/apps.nhslothian.scot\/refhelp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=16333"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}